myIndiamyGlory

 

 

Haplogroup I – Charts and Tables *
In this section we deal with “ancient” DNA (aDNA) which means DNA collected from skeletons found in ancient, e.g. mesolithic or neolithic burial sites.

There are two types of DNA: Y-DNA, commonly called paternal DNA (the Y stands for Y chromosomes) which is transmitted from fathers to sons, and mtDNA (mt stands for mitochondrial DNA) commonly called maternal DNA, which is passed from mothers to their children, which together give information about the evolutionary path of the male and female lineage.

The problem with DNA data is that as more and more become available over time, and as different and expanded regions provide newer data (almost daily now) the interpretation of their distribution is very much in flux, thus earlier interpretations of, say, gene-flow become less and less tenable.

When I began research for this paper, only one unofficial mention was made of the presence of haplogroup I mtDNA in a neolithic Indus Valley burial site, which, if I remember well, was either in Dholavira or in Mohenjo Daro.

It was that notion that started my research on this project as I knew that ancient Haplogroup I mtDNA was found all-over in mesolithic and neolithic Europe as well as in North Africa in what is now Berber land and Northern Egypt. (Unfortunately, I subsequently lost that one informal piece of information.)

Nevertheless, it had sparked enough interest in me to proceed with this research as I was looking for the reasons why Indo-European languages were based on Sanskrit.

In the meantime, more genetic data, also from India, became available and thus I gained more confidence in my original idea.
I was at the time also researching the Indus Valley script and through the work of anthropologist Mrs. Suzanne Sullivan ** I became convinced that the language that was spoken in the ancient Indus valley must have been Sanskrit.

The existing hypotheses about the reason for Indo-European languages to be what they were – either coming from the Eurasian steppes, from Anatolia or having their roots in the Near East – never satisfied me as I had, through previous informal research, found that coastal areas in Europe were closer to Sanskrit in their number of words or derivations still being used, and in their articulation, vocalization and pronunciation of words in their respective languages or even dialects.

What especially struck me was that the deeper one went into continental Europe, the less cognates with Sanskrit words were found, as well as less Sanskrit derived words. Granted, these findings were closer to inklings and definitely needed more work, the opportunity for which unfortunately never arose.

(* This hypothesis is also meant to support the hypothesis that Northern European languages have such deep etymological roots in ancient Sanskrit.
Ancient Indian literature, especially the Vishnu Purana, offers accounts of these migrations probably under the rule of King Daksha.
** Sullivan, S.M.: 2013, Indus Script Dictionary, page IV, ISBN 978-1-4507-7061-3)

In any case, in those days I would argue with my linguist friends and query them on why:

To be honest, even to myself, it sounded somewhat naive even if I was convinced that I was in the right track.

Imagine looking through a pair of binoculars: percentage variations in the lower range (say between 3 and 7%) seem at first sight quite negligible, but when sharpening one’s focus, a quite different, unexpected and significantly detailed picture comes into view.

We are especially interested in haplogroup I’s presence in the regions marked by the ovals. Notice that the areas are all either coastal or insular and that it includes two Basque regions. Keeping in mind that in this hypothesis it is proposed that Sanskrit based languages and coastal areas are linked, one might wonder why Basque country has Haplogroup I mtDNA and a language which is supposed to be an “isolate”.

Gianfranco Forni (Forni, Gianfranco:2013 **) researched Basque language and established its Indo-European roots, thus the correspondence between Haplogroup I and Basque Indo-European roots is not an anomaly. It stands to reason to conclude that those Basque regions were in antiquity inhabited by migrants who spoke Sanskrit and who left their Haplogroup I fingerprints behind.

(* The data in all the tables of this section come from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I_%28mtDNA%29
** Forni, Gianfranco: 2013, Evidence for Basque as an Indo-European Language, The Journal of Indo-European Studies, Volume 41, Numbers 1 & 2, Spring/Summer 2013).

For the purpose of this project we are interested in haplogroup I’s presence in the regions marked by the ovals. Studying Fig. 6 we observe that they are all either coastal or insular countries and that some high numbers and some unexpected regions such as Basque regions and the Isle of Skye stand out.

Keeping in mind that in this hypothesis it is proposed that Sanskrit based languages and coastal areas are linked, one might wonder why Basque country has Haplogroup I mtDNA but a language which is supposed to be an isolate, meaning that the consensus opinion is that it has no links with any other language group. Were it not for G. Forni (Forni, Gianfranco: 2013) who researched Basque language and who established that it is indeed an Indo-European language, this would be an anomaly. Being as it is, it stands to reason to conclude that those Basque regions were also inhabited by migrants who spoke Sanskrit and who left their Haplogroup I fingerprints and offspring behind.

Notice that they are all coastal areas. Although other areas are higher in number, they do not necessarily have the same source from where migrants travelled. Thus it stands to reason that some regions had an influx from seafaring migrant and some from land-crossing migrants. The dating of the migrations and their source is very dependent on detailed interpretations.

In the table Austria and Switzerland are an exception in that they are located in Central Europe and not linked to any European coasts. As the Danube runs through Austria it could well be that the influx of Haplogroup I came from a different direction: perhaps the Black Sea. (See Fig. 1. The light blue line terminates in Austria and Switzerland.)

Carpathian Lemko (11.32%) might have its Haplogroup I sources though from the Black Sea. It is interesting that the Lemkos’ language is an isolate.

This table shows the latest data from Iran, Pakistan and Baluchistan. It should be kept in mind that currently Sindh and Baluchistan are part of Pakistan and that the Indus Valley delta extends beyond the Sindh province into India’s North West.

The current Haplogroup I distribution in Iran is 16.4 %, and in Pakistan’s Sindh (including the Baluchistan foothills and plateaus) and Indian Punjab’s regions 11.7 %.

As this hypothesis proposes that the migrant haplogroups I’s source came from the original Indus Valley Culture inhabitants, we should keep in mind that the Indus Valley Civilization’s (also called the Harappa Culture) cultural influence at its most flourishing period encompassed the marked area in Fig. 8.

The high ancient mtDNA percentages of these four areas may indicate how far the oversea travels went from the Indus Valley, and how the Harappan migrants may have established settlements in Egypt and on the eastern African Coast.

Current European Continent
“The frequency of Haplogroup I may have undergone a reduction in Europe following the Medieval age. An overall frequency of 13% was found in ancient Danish samples from the Iron Age to the Medieval Age (including Vikings) from Denmark and Scandinavia compared to only 2.5% in modern samples.”
~ Hofreiter 2010 *

The quote above tells us about non-modern numbers, and the example shows that those numbers in the past were actually even higher: e.g. for Denmark 13% instead of 5.71%.

“[Y-DNA] Haplogroup I-M253 arose from haplogroup [Y-DNA] I-M170, which appears ancient in Europe. The haplogroup was previously thought to have originated 15,000 years ago in Iberia, but is now estimated to have originated between 4,000 – 5,000 years ago. It is suggested that it initially dispersed from Denmark.” **

The dating that I propose for this coast-hugging, sea-faring ‘Out of the Sapta Sindhu Delta Migration’ hypothesis, is that it began 9,500 years ago, and that it arrived in Europe’s North Sea islands and coastal areas “between 4,000 – 5,000 years ago” (the estimate in the quote above) in – what is now – Denmark, Northern Germany, etc. and that Sanskrit based language elements dispersed from there into the hinter-lands of the European continent.

(* Hofreiter, et al.: 2010, Genetic Diversity among Ancient Nordic Populations” PLoS ONE. 5 (7): e11898
** Pedro Soares, et al.: 2010, The Archaeogenetics of Europe, Current Biology, vol. 20 (February 23, 2010), R174–R183. yDNA Haplogroup I: Subclade I1, Family Tree DNA
*** Olivieri A., Pala M., Gandini F., Kashani B.H., Perego U.A., Woodward S.R., et al.: 2013, Mitogenomes from Two Uncommon Haplogroups Mark Late Glacial/Postglacial Expansions from the Near East and Neolithic Dispersals within Europe. PLoS ONE 8(7): e70492. 10.1371/journal.pone.0070492).

Notice in Fig. 9 the faint presence of haplogroups I (the two circles) in the Indus Valley. It might be considered of little relevance. However, as proposed here, consider that from 9,500 years ago on, migrants travelled for various * reasons overland (much of Haplogroup W) and oversea (Haplogroup I) to the Near East, North Africa, Europe and Eurasia (all the shaded areas in Fig. 9), and thus seeded those regions with their DNA and increased their population in those lands, while for reasons of natural catastrophes and calamities (e.g. epidemics **) in Northwest India after the end of the mature phase of the Indus Civilization (2000 BCE) that they did not increase in population in the Indus Valley….
In fact, at some point the whole valley was considered inhabitable. (“Collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization***).

(* Quote from this paper’s Abstract:
“They were driven by:
 A natural human inclination to “look for other shores”.
 A number of large natural catastrophes, and the various diseases that resulted from them.”
** Robbins G., Tripathy V.M., Misra V.N., Mohanty R.K., Shinde V.S., et al.: 2009, Ancient Skeletal Evidence for Leprosy in India (2000 B.C.). PLoS ONE 4(5): e5669.,10.1371/journal.pone.0005669
*** “The Indus Civilization flourished between about 2600 and 1800 BCE when it collapsed into regional cultures at the Late Harappan stage. According to Parpola the collapse was due to a combination of several factors like over-exploitation of the environment, drastic changes in the river-courses, series of floods, water-logging and increased salinity of the irrigated lands.”
~ Iravatham Mahadevan
Iravatham Mahadevan, https://www.harappa.com/script/maha1)

A Question
Where did that 13% in ancient Danish samples come from?
If not by inland, overland routes, via what routes did the Haplogroup I migrants arrive in the circle-marked regions of Fig. 6, if not by sea?

Remember my previous queries to linguist friends:

“If overland dispersion was the reason why the European languages were INDO-European, how is it possible that coastal lands and islands had their languages or dialects closer to Sanskrit than inland areas?
Things cannot go from good Sanskrit (the source) to poor Sanskrit (the Eurasian steppes) to better Sanskrit (coastal lands) if indeed the dispersion had followed overland routes.
“What if the languages were dispersed by coast hugging seafaring migrants from Sanskrit speaking ancient Indian regions?”

BTW, the dating also appears to be right, as it indicates that the stone- and iron-age seafaring (as proposed here) migrants took their time!

Considering Y-DNA Haplogroup I-M253 (I1a), we see that it is most present in Scandinavia, Denmark and Finland thus supporting Hofreiter’s mtDNA haplogroup I data (Hofreiter, et al.: 2010).

(* Rootsi S., Magri C., Kivisild T., et al.: 2004, Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe Am. J. Hum. Genet. 75:128–137, 2004)

Route 1
Considering all of the above, one can arrive at a conclusion that, parallel to overland migrations, oversea migrations took place.
Thus, based on percentage numbers only, feasible meso/neolithic coastal-route population migrations can be traced back (backwards in time and voyages taken) from Northern Europe to their original South Asian source:
a. Scandinavia, Finland, the Baltic coast lands and Denmark, the Frisian Islands, the British Isles, Scotland, Ireland and Brittany (Bretagne – a West France peninsula),

b. Basque coastal regions and Spain and Portugal,
c. The Strait of Gibraltar and further east:
o North Africa’s Berber lands and northern Egypt,
o The French Mediterranean coast, the Mediterranean Islands, Italy, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, the Levant,
d. What is now the Suez Canal region, but was then fully inundated – let me coin it the “Ancient Suez Channel” or “Ancient Suez Strait”,
e. The Red Sea and around the Arabian Peninsula,
f. The Sapta Sindhu Valley and the foothills of current Northern Pakistan and Northern India.

These coastal areas show a varied though significant range of ancient matrilineal mtDNA Haplogroup I percentages (Fig. 9 left), which when combined with the presence of patrilineal Y-DNA I-M253 (I1a) (Fig. 10) is distinct from Haplogroup W mtDNA (Fig. 9 right) that has been found in the areas through which – according to the “Steppe Theory” – overland migrations across mainland and hinterland Eurasia are theorized to have taken place.

When reading the above list from the Sapta Sindhu region upwards (now Lower Pakistan/North-Western India) to Scandinavia, one gets to follow the sea-route that the Haplogroup I seafaring migrants may very well have taken.

Recent Proposals by others (June 9, 2014) about Neolithic Seafarer Migration Routes
For a partial tracing by others of partial sea-faring migration routes see online articles on Science Daily and Phys Org News. *, **

What this hypothesis proposes goes further though than the theory described in both online articles. The following quote gives the gist of those hypotheses.

“Genetic markers in modern populations indicate the Neolithic migrants who brought farming to Europe traveled from the Levant into Anatolia and then island hopped to Greece via Crete and then to Sicily and north into Southern Europe.” *

(* Science Daily, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140610102041.htm#.U5dQghvx2Go.facebook
** Phys. Org., http://phys.org/news/2014-06-mitochondrial-dna-eastern-farmers-sequenced.html)

This hypothesis is distinct because of:
* Different original starting-off points – The Indus Valley (the Sapta Sindhu Delta) instead of the Levant,
* Different final arrivals – Northern coastal Europe instead of mainland or hinter-land northern and southern Europe,
* Different haplogroups: mtDNA haplogroups I and Y-DNA I-M253 (I1a) instead of M and R haplogroupings.

Migration routes changed according to global extended-period sea level rises or dips. The levels at certain times were so high (from 6.5 meters higher than current levels, See Fig. 3) that boat people could float (following the current), sail or row through the Suez zone. At other times this was not possible, hence different routes during different time periods. Obviously dating and analysis of Mediterranean sedimentation layers around the Suez zone would be helpful.

“The most significant conclusion – highlights Eva Fernández – is that the degree of genetic similarity between the populations of the Fertile Crescent and the ones of Cyprus an Crete supports the hypothesis that Neolithic spread in Europe took place through pioneer seafaring colonization, not through a land-mediated expansion through Anatolia, as it was thought until now“

(* Phys. Org., http://phys.org/news/2014-06-mitochondrial-dna-eastern-farmers-sequenced.html Fernández, Eva, et al.: 2014, Ancient DNA Analysis of 8000 B.C. Near Eastern Farmers Supports an Early Neolithic Pioneer Maritime Colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004401)

Route 2
Migrations within India from the Sapta Sindhu Valley
to North, North-East, Central and Southern Indian regions.
The Indus Valley’s non-seafaring inhabitants also migrated to various other areas throughout India:
1. Inland boat-people went down as far as Kerala (partially by land, partially coast hugging by boat.)
2. Mostly agrarian groups went up the higher Indus Valley areas and to the foothills of the Himalayas. (I predict that scriptural artifacts will be found, containing a more cursive IVC script, likely hidden inside Buddha statues inside Buddhist caves.)
3. A number of groups migrated to the Ganges areas. (Local stories and legends replaced the Sarasvati river name with the Ganges river name.)

Note: A 5,000 year old settlement discovered in 1957 in Alamgirpur village, Baghpat (UP), is evidence of migration into the Upper Doab region between the Ganga and the Yamuna.

“The settlement marks the eastern most limits [author’s emphasis] of the Harappan culture and belongs to the late Harappan phase, a period starting around 1900-1800 BC when the Indus Valley Civilization, popularly known as the Harappan Culture, began to decline,”
~ Bhuvan Vikram (The Hindu, September 14, 2015)

It was exactly during that period, that Harappan group migrations eastwards from the Indus Delta began. Thus, this settlement was NOT the “eastern most limit” as Mr. Vikram states, but one of the early signs of migrations eastward from the Indus Delta proper.

4 Large groups went South overland into central India (where Black and Red Ware pottery has now been found), down deeply into what is now Tamil Nadu, where stories about Skanda/Karthikeya are still being told, and where he is still honoured as a major God.

(* The Hindu: http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/iron-age-megalithic-burial-site-found-in-krishnagiri/article7152408.ece?homepage=true?w=alstates#comments)

Route 3
Further East Oversea, via Sri Lanka, even as far as the Pacific Ocean’s archipelagos and the Americas. 

This further East oversea migrations to Sri Lanka, into Chinese Coastal areas, as far as the Pacific Ocean’s archipelagos (U. Ringleb, 2016) and the Americas, will be dealt with in in an upcoming extended version of this hypothesis. It is part of the following prediction that evidence will be found.

Predictions
1. It will be discovered that the route of pottery-ware distribution (e.g. Bell Beaker Culture, Corded Ware) differed from what is currently the consensus opinion. Fig. 13 minus the stars represents the current consensus view about the Bell Beaker Culture pottery diffusion.

Part of this hypothesis also proposes that the coastal European regions were earlier areas where Bell Beaker pottery was introduced (lightest grey shading), meaning that the Central Europe and Eurasian received their pottery tradition subsequently. This hypothesis also proposes that Bell Beaker pottery was based on pottery that originated in the ancient Indus Valley.

“Corded Ware culture (also Battle-axe culture) is an enormous Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age archaeological grouping, flourishing ca. 3200 – 2300 BC. It encompasses most of continental northern Europe from the Rhine River on the west, to the Volga River in the east, including most of modern-day Germany, Denmark, Poland, the Baltic States, Belarus, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, northern Ukraine, and western Russia, as well as southern Sweden and Finland. It receives its name from the characteristic pottery of the era; wet clay was decoratively incised with cordage, i.e., string. It is known mostly from its burials.”
~ D. Bachmann *

2. By tracing Indus Valley Culture Painted Grey Ware (PGW), Grey Ware (GW) and Black Red Ware (BRW) migratory movement of Indus Valley migrants will be traced.

3. Etymological linkages will be found between Baltic Sea island names and Indus Valley Civilization words and names.

4. Ancient sunken wreckage will be found in the Baltics with shape characteristics like IVC reed vessels as in Fig. 14.

(* D. Bachmann
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Corded_Ware_culture-en.svg).

5. Stitched-board boat construction will be traced back to Indus Valley rib-less ship construction.

8. Submerged cities will be discovered in the Mediterranean Sea which will show evidence of city layouts, culture, burial practices and artifacts that have clear Indus Valley Civilization characteristics. It might even be that ancient skeletons will be retrieved that may still have testable mtDNA and Y-DNA traces.

9. Decorative patterns in the folkloric female dress tradition (e.g. Gandhara) will be discovered as similar or identical across the European coastal lands from Serbia, Croatia, etc. to Finland.

(* Jung, Reinhard, http://www.aegeobalkanprehistory.net/article.php?id_art=4)

10. Tracing the dating of farming (see Fig. 19) along all European and North African coastal and insular areas, it will be proposed that those regions are on a trajectory that coast-hugging seafaring migrants followed and that they, when they went on land, founded settlements that included farming, animal husbandry and crafts such as pottery, metal working, male and female folkloric attire. (Which even today shows up in traditions that can be traced back to Indus Valley culture.)

It is generally assumed that:
“The earliest evidence for cultivation and stock-keeping is found in the Neolithic core zone of the Fertile Crescent region stretching north from the southern Levant through eastern Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia, then east into the Zagros Mountains on the border of modern-day Iran and Iraq. From there, farming spread into surrounding regions, including Anatolia and, later, Europe, southern Asia, and parts of Arabia and North Africa. Whether the transition to agriculture was a homogeneous process across the core zone, or a mosaic of localized domestications, is unknown. Likewise, the extent to which core zone farming populations were genetically homogeneous, or exhibited structure that may have been preserved as agriculture spread into surround in regions, is undetermined. [author’s emphasis]. *

(* Broushaki, Farnaz, et al.: 2016, Early Neolithic genomes from the eastern Fertile Crescent, SCIENCE sciencemag.org, 2016 VOL 353 ISSUE 6298499)

Conclusion
Rather than overland migrations as proposed by the various overland migration hypotheses, over-seas and coast-hugging migrations took place by seafarers who originated from the Indus Valley and who spoke an early form of Sanskrit, who settled in Europe’s coastal regions as listed below.

Based on language, archaeogenetic and archaeological data, over an extended period between 9,500 and 3,350 years ago large segments of the population of the north-western delta of the Indian subcontinent (the Indus Valley or the Sapta Sindhu region from the Rigveda (Sanskrit सप्त ससिंधू “Seven Rivers”) left their homeland because of a number of natural catastrophes and resulting diseases (leprosy, tuberculosis) that resulted from them.

These multiple group migrations went into three main directions:

1. Migrations oversea to coastal European lands: from Red Sea, Mediterranean and as far as Baltic Sea coastal regions,
2. Migrations within India to North, North East, Central and Southern Indian regions where they, over time, merged with the existing populations and cultures. (Further research data are currently being gathered and analyzed.)
3. Further East oversea, via Sri Lanka, even as far as the Pacific Ocean’s archipelagos and the Americas. (Further research data are currently being gathered and analyzed.)

Thus, based on mtDNA Haplogroup I and Y-DNA haplogroup I-M253 (I1a) percentage numbers only, but supported by etymological data that show that all Indo-European languages find their roots in early forms of spoken Sanskrit, it can be concluded that mesolithic and neolithic coastal-route population migrations can be traced from their original source – from what is now North-West India and Pakistan to Northern Europe:
 From the Sapta Sindhu Valley and the foothills of current northern Pakistan and northern India,
 Down around The Arabian Peninsula through the Red Sea,
 Then through what is now the Suez Canal region but was then fully inundated: the “Ancient Suez Channel or Strait”,
 Then to the Mediterranean coastlands:
o Some groups to Northern Egypt and what is now Berber land,
o Other groups to the Levant, Croatia, Greece and Macedonia,
 Then via the Italian peninsula and the Mediterranean islands to southern France,
 Then around Spain and Portugal to Basque lands
 To Brittany (Bretagne – a west France peninsula), Ireland Scotland, the British Isles, the Frisian Islands, the then Danish islands, Scandinavia, Finland and the Baltic coast lands.

The above listed coastal areas show a varied though significant range of ancient matrilineal mtDNA Haplogroup I percentages (Fig. 9 left), which when combined with the presence of patrilineal Y-DNA I-M253 (I1a) (Fig. 10) is distinct from Haplogroup W mtDNA (Fig. 9 right) that has been found in the areas through which – according to the “Steppe Theory” – overland migrations across mainland and hinterland Eurasia are theorized to have taken place. *

(* Originally of course – at least that is not disputed – much earlier populations came to, what is now, India and Pakistan via southern Arabian Peninsula’s coast from what is now East Tanzania and Kenya.
“In paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans, also called the “Out of Africa” theory (OOA), the “recent single-origin hypothesis” (RSOH), “replacement hypothesis,” or “recent African origin model” (RAO), is the most widely accepted model of the geographic origin and early migration of anatomically modern humans. The theory argues for the African origins of modern humans, who left Africa in a single wave of migration which populated the world, replacing older human species.”
~ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans
“Currently available genetic and archaeological evidence is supportive of a recent single origin of modern humans in East Africa. However, this is where the consensus on human settlement history ends, and considerable uncertainty clouds any more detailed aspect of human colonization history.”
~ Liu H., et al.: 2006, A geographically explicit genetic model of worldwide human-settlement history. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 79 (2): 230–7. 10.1086/505436.)

Bibliography
Ammerman A.J., Cavalli-Sforza L.L.: 1984, The Neolithic Transition and the Genetics of Populations in Europe. New Jersey, Princeton University Press
Bramanti B., Haak W., et al.: 2009, Genetic discontinuity between local hunter-gatherers and central Europe’s first farmers. Science 326, 137–140. 10.1126/science.1176869
Broushaki, Farnaz, et al.: 2016, Early Neolithic genomes from the eastern Fertile Crescent, SCIENCE sciencemag.org, 2016 VOL 353 ISSUE 6298499
Cooper A, Poinar H.N.: 2000, Ancient DNADo it right or not at all. Science. 2000;289:1139
Deguilloux M.F., et al.: 2012 European neolithization and ancient DNA – an assessment. Evol Anthropol 21: 24–37.: 10.1002/evan.20341
Robbins-Dexter M., Jones-Bley K., eds.: 1997, The Kurgan Culture and the Indo-Europeanization of Europe: Selected Articles from 1952 to 1993, Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man
Elst, Koenraad: 2005, Linguistic Aspects of the Aryan Non-Invasion Theory, THE INDO-ARYAN CONTROVERSY. Evidence and inference in Indian history, Routledge
Forni, Gianfranco: 2013, Evidence for Basque as an Indo-European Language, The Journal of Indo-European Studies, Volume 41, Numbers 1 & 2, Spring/Summer 2013
Frawley D., Feuerstein G., Kak S.: 1995, In Search of the Cradle of Civilization: New Light on Ancient India Quest Books (IL) ISBN 0-8356-0720-8
Gamkrelidze T.V., Ivanov V.V.: 1990, The Early History of Indo-European Languages. Scientific American. Vol. 262 no. 3. pp. 110–116.
Gilbert M.T.P., Bandelt H.J., Hofreiter M., Barnes I.:2005, Assessing ancient DNA studies. Trend Ecol Evol. 2005;20:541–544
Gimbutas, Marija: 1970, Proto-Indo-European Culture: The Kurgan Culture during the Fifth, Fourth, and Third Millennia B.C., in Cardona, et al.: Indo-European and Indo-Europeans: Papers Presented at the Third Indo-European Conference at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 155–197
Gimbutas, Marija: 1982, Old Europe in the Fifth Millenium B.C.: The European Situation on the Arrival of Indo-Europeans, in Polomé, Edgar C., The Indo-Europeans in the Fourth and Third Millennia, Ann Arbor: Karoma Publisher
Gimbutas M., Dexter M; Jones-Bley K.: 1997, The Kurgan Culture and the Indo-Europeanization of Europe, Selected Articles from 1952 to 1993, Washington, D. C., Institute for the Study of Man
Haak W., et al.: 2010 Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities. PLoS Biol 8: e1000536, 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000536
Haak, W., et al.: 2015, Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe, Nature10.1038/nature14317

Hofreiter M., Serre D., Poinar H.N., Kuch M., Pääbo S.: 2001, Ancient DNA. Nat Rev Genet. 2001;2:353–359
Hofreiter, et al.: 2010, Genetic Diversity among Ancient Nordic Populations, PLoS ONE. 5 (7): e11898
Jensen J.: 1995, The Prehistory of Denmark. London, Routledge
Kivisild T., et al.: 2006, The role of selection in the evolution of human mitochondrial genomes. Genetics. 2006;172:373–387
Lalueza-Fox C., Sampietro M.L., Gilbert M.T.P., Castri L., Facchini F., et al.:2004, Unravelling migrations in the steppe: mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient Central Asians. Proc Roy Soc Lond B. 2004;271:941–947
Connan J., Carter, R., et al: 2005, A comparative geochemical study of bituminous boat remains from H3, As-Sabiyah (Kuwait), and RJ-2, Ra’s al-Jinz (Oman). Arab. Arch. Epig. 2005: 16: 21–66 (2005)
Malmström H., Gilbert M.T.P, Thomas M.G., Brandström M., Stora J., et al: 2009, Ancient DNA reveals lack of continuity between neolithic hunter-gatherers and contemporary Scandinavians. Curr Biol. 2009;19:1758–1762
Mallory, J.P. :1989, In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth, London: Thames & Hudson
Olivieri A., Pala M., Gandini F., Kashani B.H., Perego U.A., Woodward S.R., et al.: 2013, Mitogenomes from Two Uncommon Haplogroups Mark Late Glacial/Postglacial Expansions from the Near East and Neolithic Dispersals within Europe. PLoS ONE 8(7): e70492. 10.1371/journal.pone.0070492
Pinhasi R., Fort J., Ammerman A.J.: 2005, Tracing the origin and spread of agriculture in Europe. PLoS Biol 3: e410, 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030410
Rappaport, Dr. Solomon: early 20th century, The Waterways of Egypt, Volume 12, Part B, Chapter V, page 248. London: The Grolier Society
Renfrew, Colin: 1990 [1987] Archaeology and Language – The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52-138675-3
Renfrew, Colin.: 1999, Time depth, convergence theory, and innovation in Proto-Indo-European: ‘Old Europe’ as a PIE linguistic area. J INDO-EUR STUD, 27(3-4), 257-293
Ringleb, U.: 2016, East Indian Influence in Polynesian Culture
https://www.academia.edu/19936307/EAST_INDIAN_INFLUENCE_IN_POLYNESIAN_CULTURE
Richards M., Macaulay V., Hickey E., Vega E., Sykes B., et al.: 2006, Tracing European founder lineages in the near eastern mtDNA pool. Am J Hum Genet. 2000;67:1251–1276
Richards M.B., Macaulay V.A., Bandelt H.J., Sykes B.C.:1998, Phylogeography of mitochondrial DNA in western Europe. Ann Hum Genet. 1998;62:241–260
Robbins G., Tripathy V.M., Misra V.N., Mohanty R.K., Shinde V.S., et al.: 2009, Ancient Skeletal Evidence for Leprosy in India (2000 B.C.). PLoS ONE 4(5): e5669.,10.1371/journal.pone.0005669
Rohl, David M.: 1989, Legend – The Genesis of Civilization, Random House
Rootsi S., Magri C., Kivisild T., et al.: 2004, Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe Am. J. Hum. Genet. 75:128–137, 2004
Sampietro M.L., Caramelli D., Lao O., Calafell F., Comas D., et al.: 2005, The Genetics of the Pre-Roman Iberian Peninsula: A mtDNA Study of Ancient Iberians. Ann Hum Genet. 2005;69:535–548

 Shennan S.: 2009, Evolutionary demography and the population history of the European early neolithic. Hum Biol. 2009;81:339–355
Soares P., et al.: 2010, The Archaeogenetics of Europe, Current Biology, vol. 20 (February 23, 2010), R174–R183. yDNA Haplogroup I: Subclade I1, Family Tree DNA
Soares P., Rito T., Trejaut J., Mormina M., Hill C., et al.: 2011, Ancient voyaging and Polynesian origins. Am J Hum Genet 88: 239–247. 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.01.009
Sullivan S.M.: 2013, Indus Script Dictionary, ISBN 978-1-4507-7061-3
Talageri, Shrikant G.: 2000, The Rigveda – A Historical Analysis, New Delhi, ISBN 81-7742-010-0
Tamm E., Kivisild T., et al.: 2007, Beringian standstill and spread of Native American founders. PLoS One 2: e829. 10.1371/journal.pone.0000829
Torroni A., Achilli A., Macaulay V., Richards M., Bandelt H.J.: 2006, Harvesting the fruit of the human mtDNA tree. Trend Genet. 2006;22:339–345
Töpf A.L., Gilbert M.T.P., Fleischer R.C., Hoelzel A.R.: 2007, Ancient human mtDNA genotypes from England reveal lost variation over the last millennium. Biol Lett. 2007;35:550–553
Van Oven M., Kayser M.: 2009, Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. Hum Mutat. 2009;30:E386–E394
Wittle A.: 1996, Europe in the Neolithic. The creation of New Worlds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

About the author W. J. Borsboom
– Canadian independent researcher, lecturer and writer on archaeo-linguistics and the Harappan Culture’s seals and script.
– This hypothesis was first conceived by the author on October 15, 2013. Additional data were added May, 2014. In April 2015 the hypothesis was provisionally extended (with limited available data) to include China, the Pacific Archipelagos and the Americas
– Mr. Borsboom is the author of “Alphabet or Abracadabra? Reverse Engineering the Western Alphabet” (ISBN 978-1-4602-6230-6), a monograph on the topic of how more than 3400 years ago, the Western Alphabet’s sequence of phonemes (abecedary) was modeled after an, at that time still simple, ancient Indian Pre-Ashokan Brahmi alphabet (abugida)
– From November 2015 to March 2016 Mr. Borsboom was a guest lecturer at 20 venues (universities, colleges and museums) during his 4.5 months lecture tour throughout India.

This post was first published under the title ‘Worldwide Early Holocene Seafaring Migrations from the Indus Valley’ in the peer reviewed Journal ARNAVA (Latest version, 2017).

Facebook Comments Box